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| He found that tright here was a transformation in which one strain of bacteria (a harmmuch less strain) was somejust how readjusted permanently into another (the disease causing strain). He hypothesized that the transdeveloping element could be a gene because the capacity to cause condition ws inherited by the transcreated bacteria's offspring. | |
| Exactly what did Griffith execute to the mice in the experiment where he learned about transformation? | He injected mice through his heat-killed, disease-bring about bacteria (the heated ones that killed the bacteria) with live, harmless ones. (see 288) So, the harmmuch less bacteria had been transdeveloped right into disease-causing genes. |
| What did Aextremely and also his colleagues recognize caused the transformation of harmless bacteria right into illness resulting in bacteria? | They found that nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits the hereditary indevelopment from one generation of an organism to the following. |
| What is a bacteriophage? | It is a virus that infects and also kills bacteria. (It suggests "bacteria eater".) |
| Of what are bacteriophage made? | They're made of a DNA or RNA core and also a protein coat. |
| What happens when a bacteriophage enters a bacterium? | It attaches to the surconfront of the cell and inject its viral hereditary indevelopment into the cell. These viral genes produce many brand-new bacteriopheras that progressively damage the bacterium. When that cell splits, numerous new viroffers are released. |
| What were Hershey and Chase trying to determine in their experiments? | They wanted to know whether the protein coat or the DNA core of the virus gotten in the infected cell; this would certainly help them identify whether genes were made up protein or of DNA. |
| What approach did Hershey and Chase usage to study the viruses in their experiments? | They provided radioactive isotopes of phosphorus-32 and also sulfur-35 as markers so they could trace the proteins and also DNA to view what they were doing to the cell. |
| Why were phosphorus-32 and also sulfur-35 perfect for what Hershey & Chase were investigating in their experiments? | They were perfect because proteins contain virtually no phosphorus and also DNA consists of no sulfur, so the radioenergetic isotopes would certainly show up in the cells if the phosphorus-32 or sulfur-35 showed up. If sulfur-35 verified up in the bacteria, it supposed the viruses' protein had been injected into the bacteria; if the phosphorus-32 was uncovered in the bacteria, the DNA had actually been injected right into the bacteria. |
| What conclusion did Hershey & Chase make concerning the hereditary material that remained in bacteriophage? | They concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, NOT protein. |
| What 3 things carry out genes do that interested scientists? | 1) genes had actually to lug information from 1 generation to the next; 2) they put that indevelopment to occupational by determining the heritable features of organisms; 3) genes had to be easily replicated because every one of a cell's hereditary indevelopment is replicated every time a cell divides. |
| What are nucleotides? | They are the monomers of nucleic acids comprised of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and also a nitrogenous base (see 291). |
| What are the 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases in DNA? | 1) adenine & 2) guanine (both are purines); 3) cytosine and also 4) thymine (pyrimidines). |
| What is the big distinction between the structure of purines and also pyrimidines? | Purines have 2 rings in their structure (pg. 291); pyrimidines have one ring (image on 291). |
| What is the "backbone" of a DNA chain? | Sugar and also phosphate are the backbone of a DNA chain. |
| What do Chargaff's Rules say? | In any sample of DNA, the percentperiods of guanine (G) & cytosine (C) bases were nearly equal; the exact same was true of the percentages of adenine (A) and also thymine (T). So, = |
| What strategy did Rosalind Franklin use in her study of DNA? | She offered X-ray diffraction, aiming a powerful X-ray beam at concentrated DNA samples and taped the scattering pattern of the S-rays on film. |
| What vital clues re: DNA arose from Franklin's work? | 1) The X-shaped pattern shows that the strands in DNA are twisted about each other in a shape recognized as a helix; 2) the angle of the X suggested tright here are 2 strands in the structure; 3) the nitrogenous baes are near the center of molecule. |
| What breakvia did Watson & Crick make? | They made a design of DNA reflecting a double helix, in which 2 strands were wound approximately each other. They also uncovered that hydrogen bonds might form between certain nitrogenous bases and also provide enough pressure to hold the 2 strands together. See more: Always Believe That Something Wonderful Is About To Happen Quote |
| What is "base pairing"? | Watkid & Crick discovered that For eexceptionally adenine in a double-stranded DNA molecule, tright here had actually to be exacly one thymine molecule; for each cytosine molecule, tbelow was one guanine molecule. |
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